Nuclear Weapons | Selected Article

Stripping Secrecy From Nuclear Arms Development

Jeremy Hsu | November 2017

The nuclear arms race between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War motivated both sides to launch spy satellites to monitor each other’s nuclear activities. But since the late 1990s, the space domain of government spy satellites has increasingly opened up to swarms of commercial satellites that provide new opportunities to peek at possible sites of nuclear weapons development worldwide. With the rise of commercial satellite imagery, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and journalists no longer need to rely solely upon scraps of declassified information or spy satellite images from the intelligence community. Instead, an avalanche of image data from commercial satellite companies has empowered a diverse array of experts to help monitor the latest developments involving North Korea’s nuclear and ballistic missile tests or Iran’s civilian nuclear energy facilities. However, this trend toward more sharing of open-source satellite data related to nuclear proliferation is not without its own complications.

“The fact that companies are putting up their own imaging satellites means that for a price—but for an increasingly lower price—other countries, other civil society organizations, and academics like me can corroborate or dispute intelligence estimates and make our own decisions,” says Melissa Hanham, senior research associate at the East Asia Nonproliferation Program in the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey in California.

A set of Planet’s Dove satellites, photographed by an Expedition 38 crew member, after being deployed by the NanoRacks Launcher attached to the end of the Japanese robotic arm on the International Space Station.

NASA

The Upside

Commercial satellite imagery forms a crucial foundation for open-source fact-checking of claims about nuclear proliferation. In 2011, independent analysts worked together with journalists to help debunk suspicions about satellite images of a textile mill complex that was believed to have possible connections to Syria’s suspected nuclear program. Similarly, daily satellite images have helped analysts to create 3-D maps of the sites where North Korea has conducted its underground nuclear testing and to develop upper-range yield estimates for the nuclear weapons that could be contained within the mountain sites.

Having more commercial satellite imagery that can be publicly shared and discussed can potentially make the world much safer when it comes to nuclear weapons. The availability and frequency of such images makes it harder than ever for a country to pursue nuclear weapons development in secret defiance of international scrutiny or treaties.

The new reality means that the international community can also more easily fact-check any given country’s claims about another country’s possession of weapons of mass destruction. The added layer of verification could reduce the likelihood of starting a new conflict over bad intelligence. And having multiple groups fact-checking the claims of the intelligence community could go a long way toward encouraging more public confidence in the policymaker decisions that follow from intelligence gathering.

“If you want to have confidence in [intelligence community] institutions, it helps to have other outside groups confirm or dispute the facts in a way that is healthy for the American public to understand intelligence gathering,” Hanham says.

Even the normally tight-lipped US intelligence community can more readily share public open-source intelligence using commercial satellite images without having concerns about revealing classified intelligence sources or methods, Hanham pointed out. The US State Department also previously sought outside help from NGOs in verifying that certain nuclear arms treaties have not been violated.

Technicians work at Planet’s Dove satellite manufacturing facility in San Francisco.

Planet

When it comes to technology, the US government has the most “exquisite” satellite imaging capabilities beyond anything in the commercial sector, says Brian Weeden, director of program planning for the Secure World Foundation and a former US Air Force officer under the US Strategic Command’s Joint Space Operations Center. But the US intelligence community is still eager to leverage commercial satellite imaging capabilities through contracts issued by the US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, which is responsible for collecting and managing geospatial intelligence for all government agencies. Commercial satellite constellations complement government satellite capabilities and ease the surveillance burden on the limited number of expensive spy satellites.

Companies such as DigitalGlobe and Airbus have satellites capable of providing high-resolution images of ground objects as small as a third of a meter per pixel for commercial customers (meaning an NFL football would fit within a pixel). More recent startups such as Planet have deployed constellations involving dozens of smaller satellites. Those small satellites have lower resolution capabilities—around 3 meters per pixel (enough to count cars)—but can capture more frequent images of certain locations where suspected nuclear activities might take place. Consistent daily satellite coverage of the same areas enables analysts to better understand a site’s normal pattern of life—and potentially spot suspicious activity related to nuclear or missile testing.

Independent analysts can also sometimes feel frozen out by governments that are happy to leverage outside help and commercial satellite images without reciprocating, says David Albright, a physicist and nuclear issues expert who is founder and president of the Institute for Science and International Security in Washington, DC. “The US intelligence community welcomes us and commercial satellite imagery,” Albright says. “But they will not work with us in any substantive way in interpreting the imagery.”

Dove satellites, known as Flock 2K, are prepped for launch.

Planet

Still, experts agree that commercial satellites have generally made much more open-source data available. Commercial satellite companies have sometimes offered low-cost or free services to NGOs or members of the media interested in monitoring nuclear arms development. DigitalGlobe has a foundation that invites independent researchers to apply for “imagery grants” in using its commercial satellite images. Planet has courted new customers by offering free services to academic researchers, NGOs, think tank analysts, and journalists.

Such company initiatives can be great for improving access to commercial satellite images that might otherwise cost too much for independent analysts. But larger NGOs that track nuclear proliferation issues can still have an advantage over their smaller rivals in negotiating access to commercial satellite imagery. “The ability to maintain diversity among the NGO world on these issues matters,” Kristensen says. “Commercial satellite imagery shouldn’t just be something for the rich guys.”

One possible complication of having more accessible satellite imagery is that any armchair analyst can spread intentional or unintentional misinformation by publishing and publicizing their findings online. But the show-your-work transparency of public open-source intelligence could go a long way toward mitigating this kind of confusion, because less legitimate analyses can be openly critiqued and discussed by more knowledgeable experts.

News Cycle Pressures

Offers of free satellite imagery generally enable a win-win situation in any case—analysts access treasure troves of new image data in exchange for putting the spotlight on a satellite company’s brand by attracting media publicity. Many NGOs share a similar interest in leveraging media publicity by becoming first to provide breaking news analyses of satellite images related to missile launch sites or secret nuclear plants. Attention from mainstream news stories may provide a huge boost for NGOs in attracting new sources of funding and attention from donors.

But the publicity contest can sometimes sacrifice accuracy in NGO and media reporting on satellite images related to nuclear proliferation. For example, satellite imaging analysts can feel pressure to prioritize speed in breaking news about nuclear arms developments, says Joseph Bermudez Jr., CEO and cofounder of KPA Associates LLC and an analyst focused on North Korea’s defense and intelligence affairs. “You have to balance speed with accuracy, and this is a challenge,” he says. “I might not be the first, but I’ll certainly be more accurate than the first.”

These satellite photos of the Kalma Ballistic Missile Test Site in North Korea were taken March 28, 2017. The range of these satellites captures the evidence of a failed missile test at the Kalma International Airport. Inset: A close-up of the explosion scar shows debris.

DigitalGlobe/38 North/Getty Images

Beyond encouraging possible misinterpretations of satellite images, the desire to dominate the news cycle could also be harmful if it leads analysts to dwell too much on known sites and potentially miss others, says Albright. He said that his institute has even been “backing away from publishing on North Korea” because of a similar tendency among some journalists to “scour for the scariest, worst-case scenarios they could find.”

Despite such concerns, experts generally agree that the rise of commercial satellite imaging represents a net positive for transparent and accurate reporting on nuclear proliferation. The growing commercial satellite imagery market may even defuse some of the potential issues related to unequal access and misinterpretation of imagery, says Tamara Patton, a PhD candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. She previously authored a report on how emerging satellite technologies can support verification measures for nuclear arms control and disarmament.

“What’s changing and I hope helping to alleviate this danger is the growing body of imagery due to the expanding capabilities of commercial companies and the growing number of companies overall,” Patton says. “I think this provides more viewing options for any given site, as well as a larger historical archive that allows an analyst to more carefully assess developments over time.”

 


Jeremy Hsu is a New York-based science and technology journalist contributing to publications such as Scientific American, Backchannel, Wired.com, Discover Magazine, and IEEE Spectrum. He has also written for Popular Science, Scientific American Mind, Undark Magazine, Motherboard, and Mosaic, and was previously a senior staff writer with TechMediaNetwork (now Purch), where he wrote hundreds of news articles for LiveScience and SPACE.com.

Resources

Joseph S. Bermudez Jr., “Possible Evidence of the Failed March 22 Missile Test,” 38 North, US-Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, April 3, 2017.

Closing the File on Hasaka” by Jeffrey Lewis, November 4, 2011.

Planet Labs.